1 Ingingo z'ingenzi zo guhitamo valve

1.1 Sobanura icyo valve ikoreshwa mu bikoresho cyangwa igikoresho

Kumenya imiterere y'imikorere ya valve: imiterere y'ubunini bukoreshwa, igitutu cy'imikorere, ubushyuhe bw'imikorere n'uburyo bwo kugenzura imikorere, n'ibindi;

1.2 Hitamo neza ubwoko bwa valve

Guhitamo neza ubwoko bwa valve bishingiye ku buryo umuhanga mu by’imiterere y’ikorwa n’imiterere y’imikorere y’imashini. Mu guhitamo ubwoko bwa valve, umuhanga mu by’imiterere agomba kubanza kumenya imiterere n’imikorere ya buri valve;

1.3 Kumenya aho valvu ihurira

Mu guhuza imigozi, guhuza imigozi no guhuza impera zo gusudira, ebyiri za mbere ni zo zikunze gukoreshwa cyane. Valve zikozwe mu migozi ahanini ni valve zifite umurambararo muto uri munsi ya mm 50. Iyo ingano y'umurambararo ari nini cyane, gushyiraho no gufunga umurongo biragoye cyane. Valve zikozwe mu migozi zoroshye gushyiraho no gusenya, ariko ziraremereye kandi zirahenze kurusha valve zikozwe mu migozi, bityo zikwiriye guhuza imiyoboro y'uburebure butandukanye n'umuvuduko. Imigozi yo gusudira ikwiriye imitwaro iremereye kandi yizewe kurusha imigozi yo gusudira. Ariko, biragoye gusenya no kongera gushyiramo valve zikozwe mu gusudira, bityo ikoreshwa ryazo rigarukira aho zishobora gukora igihe kirekire neza, cyangwa imikoreshereze yazo ikaba ikomeye kandi ubushyuhe buri hejuru;

1.4 Guhitamo ibikoresho bya valve

Uretse gusuzuma imiterere ifatika (ubushyuhe, igitutu) n'imiterere ya shimi (ubushyuhe) by'igikoresho gikoreshwa, isuku y'igikoresho (niba hari uduce duto) igomba kwitabwaho mu guhitamo ibikoresho by'igishishwa cya valve, ibice by'imbere n'ubuso bwo gufunga. Byongeye kandi, amabwiriza ajyanye na leta n'ishami rishinzwe abakoresha agomba kugezwaho. Guhitamo neza kandi bikwiye ibikoresho bya valve bishobora gutuma habaho ubuzima buhendutse kandi bukora neza. Uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho by'umubiri wa valve ni: icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma cya karubone-icyuma kidashonga, naho uburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho byo gufunga ni: icyuma cya rubber-copper-alloy-F4;

1.5 Ibindi

Byongeye kandi, umuvuduko w'amazi atemba muri vali ugomba kumenyekana n'urwego rw'umuvuduko w'amazi atemba muri vali, kandi vali ikwiye igatoranywa hakoreshejwe amakuru asanzweho (nk'amakataloge y'ibicuruzwa bya vali, ingero z'ibicuruzwa bya vali, nibindi).

2 Intangiriro ku mavalu asanzwe

Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa valve, kandi ubwoko bwazo buragoye. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi nivalve zo mu irembo, valve zo guhagarika, valve zo gukaraba,valve z'ibinyugunyugu, valve zo gushyiramo icyuma, valve z'umupira, valve z'amashanyarazi, valve z'inyuma, valve zo kugenzura, valve z'umutekano, valve zigabanya umuvuduko,imitego y'umwuka n'amavali yo kuzimya byihutirwa,Muri zo zikunze gukoreshwa ni valve zo mu irembo, valve zo guhagarara, valve zo gukaraba, valve zo kuziba, valve z'ibinyugunyugu, valve z'umupira, valve zo kugenzura, na valve zo mu gitereko.

2.1 Valve y'irembo

Valve y'irembo ni valve ifite igice cyo gufungura no gufunga (isahani ya valve) itwarwa n'umugongo w'irembo ikazamuka ikamanuka ku gice cyo gufunga cy'intebe ya valve, ishobora guhuza cyangwa ikagabanya inzira y'amazi. Ugereranyije na valve yo guhagarara, valve y'irembo ifite ubushobozi bwo gufunga neza, idakora neza, imbaraga nke mu gufungura no gufunga, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibintu. Ni imwe muri valve zikoreshwa cyane mu kuzimya. Ingaruka mbi ni ingano nini, imiterere igoye kurusha valve yo guhagarara, ubusa bworoshye bwo kuzimya, no kugorwa no kuyibungabunga. Muri rusange ntabwo ikwiriye gupfunyika. Dukurikije aho umugozi uherereye ku mugongo w'irembo, ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ubwoko bw'umugongo uzamuka n'ubwoko bw'umugongo uhishe. Dukurikije imiterere y'icyuma cy'irembo, ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: ubwoko bw'umugongo n'ubwoko bw'umugongo uhwanye.

2.2 Valve yo guhagarara

Valve yo guhagarika ni valve ifunga imanuka, aho ibice byo gufungura no gufunga (disiki ya valve) bitwarwa n'umugongo wa valve kugira ngo bijye hejuru no hasi ku ruhande rw'intebe ya valve (ubuso bwo gufunga). Ugereranyije na valve yo ku irembo, ifite imikorere myiza yo kuyihindura, imikorere mibi yo gufunga, imiterere yoroshye, gukora no kuyibungabunga byoroshye, ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kuyirinda, kandi ihendutse. Ni valve ikoreshwa cyane, ikoreshwa muri rusange ku miyoboro y'amazi iri hagati n'iciriritse.

2.3 Valve y'umupira

Ibice bifungura n'ibifunga bya valve y'umupira ni uruziga rufite imyobo inyura mu ruziga, kandi uruziga ruzunguruka hamwe n'umugongo wa valve kugira ngo valve ifunguke kandi ifunge. Valve y'umupira ifite imiterere yoroshye, ihinduranya vuba, ikora neza, ni ntoya, ifite uburemere bworoshye, ibice bike, idashobora gufunga amazi neza, ifunga neza, kandi yoroshye kuyibungabunga.

2.4 Valve yo mu bwoko bwa throttle

Uretse disiki ya valve, valve ya throttle ifite imiterere imwe n'iya valve yo guhagarika. Disiki yayo ya valve ni igice cyo gufunga, kandi imiterere itandukanye ifite imiterere itandukanye. Umurambararo w'intebe ya valve ntugomba kuba munini cyane, kuko uburebure bwayo bwo gufungura ni buto kandi umuvuduko wo hagati wo kugenda uriyongera, bityo ikiyongera cya disiki ya valve. Valve ya throttle ifite ingano nto, uburemere bworoshye, n'imikorere myiza yo gukosora, ariko uburyo bwo gukosora ntabwo buri hejuru.

2.5 Valve yo gushyiramo plagi

Valve ikoresha agace k'imashini gafite umwobo wo kwinjira no gufunga nk'igice cyo gufungura no gufunga, kandi agace k'imashini gazunguruka n'umugongo wa valve kugira ngo gafunguke kandi gafunge. Valve ikoresha imiterere yoroshye, ifunguka kandi igafunga vuba, ikora neza, idashobora gusohoka neza, ibice bike, kandi ifite uburemere bworoshye. Valve zikoreshwa mu buryo bugororotse, butatu, n'uburyo bune. Valve zikoreshwa mu guca icyuma, naho valve zikoreshwa mu buryo butatu n'uburyo bune zikoreshwa mu guhindura icyerekezo cy'icyuma cyangwa guhindura icyerekezo cy'icyuma.

2.6 Valve y'ikinyugunyugu

Valve y'ikinyugunyugu ni icyuma cy'ikinyugunyugu kizunguruka 90° kizenguruka umurongo uhamye mu gice cy'umubiri w'ikinyugunyugu kugira ngo kirangize akazi ko gufungura no gufunga. Valve y'ikinyugunyugu ni ntoya, yoroheje, ifite imiterere yoroshye, kandi igizwe n'ibice bike gusa.

Kandi ishobora gufungurwa no gufungwa vuba izunguruka 90°, kandi biroroshye kuyikoresha. Iyo valve y'ikinyugunyugu iri mu mwanya wayo ufunguye neza, ubugari bw'ikinyugunyugu ni bwo buryo bwonyine butuma icyuma gitembera mu mubiri w'ikinyugunyugu. Kubwibyo, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko uterwa na valve ni gato cyane, bityo ikaba ifite imiterere myiza yo kugenzura amazi. Valve z'ikinyugunyugu zigabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri bwo gufunga: agafunga koroshye gakozwe mu buryo bwa elastic na agafunga gakomeye k'icyuma. Ku valve z'ikinyugunyugu, impeta yo gufunga ishobora gushyirwa mu mubiri w'ikinyugunyugu cyangwa igashyirwa ku nkengero z'ikinyugunyugu. Ifite ubushobozi bwo gufunga neza kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mu gufunga, ndetse no ku miyoboro ikoreshwa mu buryo buciriritse n'ibikoresho byangiza. Valve zifite agafunga k'icyuma muri rusange zimara igihe kirekire kurusha valve zifite agafunga koroshye, ariko biragoye kuzifunga burundu. Akenshi zikoreshwa mu bihe aho kugabanuka kw'amazi n'umuvuduko bitandukanye cyane kandi imikorere myiza yo gufunga irakenewe. Agafunga k'icyuma gashobora kwihuza n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, mu gihe agafunga koroshye gafite inenge yo kugabanywa n'ubushyuhe.

2.7 Valve yo kugenzura

Valve yo kugenzura ni valve ishobora gukumira amazi gusubira inyuma mu buryo bwikora. Valve ya valve yo kugenzura irafungura bitewe n'umuvuduko w'amazi, maze amazi akava ku ruhande rw'aho yinjira ajya ku ruhande rw'aho asohokera. Iyo umuvuduko uri ku ruhande rw'aho yinjira uri munsi y'uwo ku ruhande rw'aho asohokera, valve ihita ifunga bitewe n'ibintu nk'itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko w'amazi n'uburemere bwayo kugira ngo hirindwe ko amazi asubira inyuma. Dukurikije imiterere y'imiterere, igabanyijemo valve yo kugenzura hejuru na valve yo kugenzura swing. Valve yo kugenzura hejuru ifite uburyo bwo gufunga neza kurusha valve yo kugenzura swing kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi menshi. Ku mwanya wo gukurura w'umuyoboro wo gukurura pompe, valve y'ibirenge igomba gutoranywa. Akazi kayo ni: kuzuza amazi mu muyoboro wo kwinjira wa pompe mbere yo gutangira pompe; kugumisha amazi mu muyoboro wo kwinjira n'umubiri wa pompe nyuma yo guhagarika pompe mu rwego rwo kongera gutangira. Valve y'ibirenge muri rusange ishyirwa gusa ku muyoboro uhagaze ku muyoboro wo kwinjira wa pompe, kandi urwego rwo hagati ruva hasi rujya hejuru.

2.8 Valve ya diaphragm

Igice cyo gufungura no gufunga cy'agace k'inyuma ni agace k'inyuma, gashyirwa hagati y'igice cy'inyuma n'igipfundikizo cy'agace k'inyuma.

Igice cy’imbere cy’agace k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi gishyizwe ku gice cy’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, kandi igice cy’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi gitwikiriwe na kabutike. Kubera ko icyo gice kidashyirwa mu mwobo w’imbere w’agapfundikizo k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, igice cy’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ntigikeneye agasanduku ko gushyiramo ibintu. Agace k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi gafite imiterere yoroshye, gafite ubushobozi bwo gufunga neza, gafite ubushobozi bwo kugatunganya, kandi gafite ubushobozi bwo kudakoresha amazi menshi. Agace k’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi gagabanyijemo ubwoko bw’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, ubwoko bw’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi igororotse, ubwoko bw’inguni y’iburyo n’ubwoko bw’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi ugororotse.

3 Amabwiriza asanzwe yo guhitamo valve

3.1 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo valve y'irembo

Muri rusange, valve zo mu irembo zigomba kubanza gutoranywa. Uretse umwuka w'amazi, amavuta n'ibindi bikoresho, valve zo mu irembo zikwiriye kandi ibikoresho birimo ibintu bikomeye kandi bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi zikwiriye valve zo guhumeka no gukoresha sisitemu ntoya zo mu kirere. Ku bikoresho bifite ibice bikomeye, igice cy'icyuma cyo mu irembo kigomba kugira umwobo umwe cyangwa ibiri yo gusukura. Ku bikoresho bifite ubushyuhe buke, valve yihariye yo mu irembo igomba gutoranywa.

3.2 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo valve yo guhagarika

Valve yo guhagarara ikwiriye imiyoboro ifite ibisabwa bike kugira ngo amazi arambe, ni ukuvuga ko igihombo cy'umuvuduko kitafatwa cyane, kimwe n'imiyoboro cyangwa ibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi. Ikwiriye imiyoboro y'umwuka n'indi miyoboro ifite DN < 200mm; valve nto zishobora gukoresha valve zo guhagarara, nka valve z'urushinge, valve z'ibikoresho, valve zo gupima umuvuduko, valve zo gupima umuvuduko, nibindi; valve zo guhagarara zifite amabwiriza agenga umuvuduko cyangwa umurongo ngenderwaho, ariko uburyo bwo kugenzura ntiburi hejuru, kandi umurambararo w'imiyoboro ni muto, bityo valve zo guhagarara cyangwa valve zo gukaraba zigomba gutoranywa; ku bikoresho by'uburozi bwinshi, valve zo guhagarara zifunze neza zigomba gutoranywa; ariko valve zo guhagarara ntizigomba gukoreshwa ku bikoresho bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibikoresho birimo uduce tworoshye gukurura, kandi ntizigomba gukoreshwa nk'ibyuma byo guhumeka n'ibyuma byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum cleaner bike.

3.3 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo valve y'umupira

Vali z'umupira zikwiriye ibikoresho bikoresha ubushyuhe buke, umuvuduko mwinshi, n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Vali nyinshi z'umupira zishobora gukoreshwa mu bikoresho bifite uduce duto tw'umugozi duhagaze, kandi zishobora no gukoreshwa mu bikoresho by'ifu n'ibice bito hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'umupfundikizo; vali z'umupira zuzuye ntizikwiriye kugenzura amazi, ariko zikwiriye mu bihe bisaba gufungura no gufunga vuba, ibyo bikaba byoroshye mu gihe cy'impanuka; vali z'umupira akenshi zisabwa ku miyoboro ifite ubushobozi bwo gufunga neza, kwangirika, imiyoboro igabanuka, gufungura no gufunga vuba, gukata umuvuduko mwinshi (itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko munini), urusaku ruto, imikorere ya gaze, imbaraga nto zo gukora, n'ubudahangarwa buke bw'amazi; vali z'umupira zikwiriye ibikoresho byoroheje, gukata umuvuduko muto, n'ibikoresho byangiza; vali z'umupira nazo ni vali nziza cyane ku bikoresho bikoresha ubushyuhe buke n'ubukonje bwinshi. Ku miyoboro n'ibikoresho by'ibikoresho bikoresha ubushyuhe buke, vali z'umupira z'ubushyuhe buke zifite ibifuniko bya vali; mu gihe ukoresha vali z'umupira zireremba, ibikoresho by'intebe bya vali bigomba gutwara umutwaro w'umupira n'ibikoresho bikora. Vali nini z'umurambararo zikenera imbaraga nyinshi mu gihe cyo gukora, kandi vali za DN≥200mm zigomba gukoresha ibikoresho byo kohereza inzoka; vali za umupira zihamye zikwiriye ibihe bifite uburebure bunini n'umuvuduko mwinshi; byongeye kandi, vali za umupira zikoreshwa mu miyoboro y'ibikoresho by'uburozi bwinshi n'ibikoresho bishya bigomba kuba bifite inyubako zirinda umuriro kandi zirwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere.

3.4 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo Valve yo mu bwoko bwa Throttle

Utwuma duto duto dukoreshwa mu gufunga (throttle valves) turakwiriye mu bihe bifite ubushyuhe buringaniye n'umuvuduko mwinshi, kandi turakwiriye ibice bikeneye guhindura imiterere n'umuvuduko. Ntibikwiriye ahantu hafite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi harimo uduce duto, kandi ntibikwiriye no mu duce duto duto.

3.5 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo Valve yo gushyiramo icyuma

Amavali yo gushyiramo ibyuma akwiriye igihe bisaba gufungura no gufunga vuba. Muri rusange ntabwo akwiriye mu byuma bishyuha cyane n'ibikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi. Akoreshwa mu byuma bifite ubushyuhe buke n'ubukonje bwinshi, kandi akwiriye no mu byuma bifite uduce duto duto.

3.6 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo Valve y'ikinyugunyugu

Valve z'ibinyugunyugu zikwiriye ibihe bifite uburebure bunini (nka DN﹥600mm) n'ibikenewe mu nyubako ngufi, ndetse n'ibihe bisaba kugenzura amazi no gufungura no gufunga vuba. Muri rusange zikoreshwa mu byuma nk'amazi, amavuta n'umwuka ufunze ufite ubushyuhe bwa ≤80℃ n'umuvuduko wa ≤1.0MPa; kubera ko valve z'ibinyugunyugu zifite igihombo kinini ugereranije na valve z'amarembo n'valve z'umupira, valve z'ibinyugunyugu zikwiriye imiyoboro ifite igihombo cyo kugabanuka.

3.7 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo Valve yo kugenzura

Muri rusange, valve zo kugenzura zikwiriye ibikoresho bisukuye, kandi ntizikwiriye ibikoresho birimo uduce duto kandi dufite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Iyo DN≤40mm, ni byiza gukoresha valve yo kugenzura ibizamu (yemerewe gushyirwa ku miyoboro itambitse gusa); iyo DN＝50～400mm, ni byiza gukoresha valve yo kugenzura ibizamu (ishobora gushyirwa ku miyoboro itambitse n'itambitse. Iyo ishyizwe ku muyoboro uhagaze, icyerekezo cy'amazi gikwiye kuva hasi kugera hejuru); iyo DN≥450mm, ni byiza gukoresha valve yo kugenzura ibizamu; iyo DN＝100～400mm, valve yo kugenzura ibizamu nayo irashobora gukoreshwa; valve yo kugenzura ibizamu ishobora gukorwamo umuvuduko mwinshi cyane wo gukora, PN ishobora kugera kuri 42MPa, kandi ishobora gushyirwa ku bikoresho byose byo gukora no ku bushyuhe ubwo aribwo bwose bukoreshwa hakurikijwe ibikoresho bitandukanye by'igishishwa n'ibipfundikizo. Uburyo bwo guhuza ni amazi, umwuka, gazi, icyuma cyo kwangiza, amavuta, imiti, nibindi. Ubushyuhe buciriritse bukoreshwa buri hagati ya -196～800℃.

3.8 Amabwiriza yo guhitamo valve ya diaphragm

Valve za diaphragm zikwiriye amavuta, amazi, aside n'ibindi birimo ibintu birekuye bifite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 200℃ n'umuvuduko uri munsi ya 1.0MPa, ariko ntabwo zikoreshwa ku bintu bisukura umwimerere na okiside zikomeye. Valve za diaphragm zo mu bwoko bwa Weir zikwiriye ibikoresho bisukura. Imbonerahamwe igaragaza imiterere y'amazi igomba gukoreshwa mu guhitamo valve za diaphragm zo mu bwoko bwa weir. Valve za diaphragm zigororotse zikwiriye ibikoresho bito, sima n'ibindi bikoresho bisukura. Uretse ibisabwa byihariye, valve za diaphragm ntizigomba gukoreshwa ku miyoboro isukura n'ibikoresho bisukura.