Kanda amazi. Amazi meza akoreshwa mu kunywa, guteka, gukaraba no koza ubwiherero. Amazi yo mu nzu akwirakwizwa binyuze mu “miyoboro yo mu nzu”. Ubu bwoko bw'imiyoboro yabayeho kuva kera, ariko ntabwo bwahawe abantu bake kugeza igice cya kabiri cyikinyejana cya 19 ubwo bwatangiraga kumenyekana mubihugu byateye imbere muri iki gihe. Amazi meza yamenyekanye mu turere twinshi mu kinyejana cya 20, ubu akaba abura cyane mu bakene, cyane cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.

Mu bihugu byinshi, amazi ya robine ubusanzwe afitanye isano n’amazi yo kunywa. Inzego za leta zisanzwe zigenzura ireme ryaamazi. Uburyo bwo kweza amazi murugo, nko kuyungurura amazi, guteka cyangwa kuyungurura, birashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya mikorobe yanduye amazi ya robine kugirango irusheho kunywa. Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga (nk'ibihingwa bitunganya amazi) bitanga amazi meza kumazu, ubucuruzi, ninyubako rusange ni igice kinini cyubwubatsi bwisuku. Kwita gutanga amazi "amazi ya robine" bitandukanya nubundi bwoko bukomeye bwamazi meza ashobora kuboneka; muri byo harimo amazi ava mu byuzi byo gukusanya amazi y'imvura, amazi ava mumidugudu cyangwa mumidugudu, amazi ava mumariba, cyangwa imigezi, inzuzi, cyangwa ibiyaga (Kunywa birashobora gutandukana).

inyuma
Gutanga amazi ya robine kubaturage b'imijyi minini cyangwa mu nkengero bisaba uburyo bukomeye kandi bwateguwe neza bwo gukusanya, kubika, gutunganya, no gukwirakwiza, kandi ubusanzwe ni inshingano z'inzego za leta.

Amateka, amazi yatunganijwe kumugaragaro yajyanye no kwiyongera cyane kuramba no kuzamura ubuzima bwabaturage. Kwanduza amazi birashobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byindwara ziterwa namazi nka tifoyide na kolera. Harakenewe cyane kwanduza amazi yo kunywa kwisi yose. Muri iki gihe Chlorination ni bwo buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu kwanduza amazi, nubwo ibivangwa na chlorine bishobora gufata ibintu biri mu mazi kandi bigatanga umusaruro wangiza (DBP) bitera ibibazo ku buzima bw’abantu. kubaho kwa ion zitandukanye zicyuma, mubisanzwe bituma amazi "yoroshye" cyangwa "bikomeye".

Amazi meza aracyashobora kwibasirwa n’ibinyabuzima cyangwa imiti. Guhumanya amazi biracyari ikibazo gikomeye cyubuzima ku isi. Indwara ziterwa no kunywa amazi yanduye zica abana miliyoni 1.6 buri mwaka. Niba umwanda ufatwa nkuwangiza ubuzima bwabaturage, abayobozi ba leta mubisanzwe batanga ibyifuzo kubijyanye no gukoresha amazi. Kubijyanye no kwanduza ibinyabuzima, mubisanzwe birasabwa ko abaturage bateka amazi cyangwa bagakoresha amazi yamacupa nkubundi buryo mbere yo kunywa. Ku bijyanye n’umwanda w’imiti, abaturage barashobora kugirwa inama yo kwirinda kunywa amazi ya robine kugeza ikibazo gikemutse.

Mu turere twinshi, kwibumbira hamwe kwa fluoride (<1.0 ppm F) byongeweho nkana mumazi ya robine kugirango ubuzima bw amenyo butezimbere, nubwo "fluoridation" ikiri ikibazo kitavugwaho rumwe mubaturage. (Reba impaka za fluorination). Nyamara, kunywa amazi maremare hamwe na fluoride nyinshi (> 1.5 ppm F) birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi, nka fluorose y amenyo, plaque enamel na fluorose skeletale, hamwe nubumuga bwamagufwa mubana. Uburemere bwa fluorose buterwa na fluor iri mumazi, hamwe nimirire yabantu nibikorwa byumubiri. Uburyo bwo gukuraho fluoride burimo uburyo bushingiye kuri membrane, imvura, kwinjizwa, hamwe na electrocoagulation.

Amabwiriza no kubahiriza
Amerika
Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) kigenga urwego rwemewe rw’imyanda ihumanya muri sisitemu yo gutanga amazi rusange. Amazi meza ashobora kandi kuba arimo imyanda myinshi itagengwa na EPA ariko ishobora kwangiza ubuzima bwabantu. Sisitemu y'amazi y'abaturage - ikorera itsinda rimwe ryabantu mu mwaka wose - igomba guha abakiriya “raporo y’icyizere cy’umuguzi.” Raporo igaragaza umwanda (niba uhari) muri sisitemu y'amazi kandi isobanura ingaruka zishobora kubaho ku buzima. Nyuma y’ibibazo bya Flint Lead (2014), abashakashatsi bitaye cyane ku bushakashatsi bw’amazi meza yo kunywa muri Amerika. Urwego rw’umutekano muke rwabonetse mu mazi ya robine mu mijyi itandukanye, nka Sebring, Ohio muri Kanama 2015 na Washington, DC mu 2001. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko, ugereranije, hafi 7-8% ya sisitemu y’amazi y’abaturage (CWS) arenga ku bibazo by’ubuzima bw’amazi meza yo kunywa (SDWA) buri mwaka. Bitewe n’imyanda ihumanya mu mazi yo kunywa, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hari abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 16 bandura gastroenteritis ikaze.

Mbere yo kubaka cyangwa guhindura uburyo bwo gutanga amazi, abashushanya naba rwiyemezamirimo bagomba kubaza kodegisi y’amazi kandi bakabona ibyangombwa byo kubaka mbere yo kubaka. Gusimbuza amazi ashyushye birashobora gusaba uruhushya no kugenzura akazi. Igipimo cy’igihugu cy’amazi yo muri Amerika yo Kunywa Amazi n’ibikoresho byemejwe na NSF / ANSI 61. NSF / ANSI yanashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho byemeza amabati menshi, nubwo Ikigo gishinzwe ibiryo n’ibiyobyabwenge (FDA) cyemeje ibyo bikoresho.