Aho Valve Zikoreshwa: Ahantu hose!

08 Ugushyingo 2017 Byanditswe na Greg Johnson

Indangagaciro zishobora kuboneka ahantu hose muri iki gihe: mu ngo zacu, munsi y'umuhanda, mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi ndetse no mu bihumbi n'ibihumbi biri mu mashanyarazi n'amazi, uruganda rukora impapuro, uruganda rutunganya inganda, uruganda rukora imiti n'ibindi bikorwa remezo n'ibikorwa remezo.
Inganda za valve nukuri mugari-bitugu, hamwe nibice bitandukanye kuva gukwirakwiza amazi kugeza ingufu za kirimbuzi kugeza hejuru na peteroli na gaze. Buri kimwe muribi bikoresha-amaherezo yinganda zikoresha ubwoko bwibanze bwa valve; icyakora, ibisobanuro byubwubatsi nibikoresho akenshi biratandukanye cyane. Dore icyitegererezo:

AKAZI K'AMAZI
Mw'isi ikwirakwiza amazi, imikazo iba hafi buri gihe ugereranije n'ubushyuhe. Ibyo bintu bibiri bifatika byerekana umubare wibikoresho bya valve bitari kuboneka kubikoresho bitoroshye nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo hejuru. Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bwa serivisi yamazi butuma hakoreshwa elastomers hamwe na kashe ya reberi idakwiye ahandi. Ibi bikoresho byoroshye bituma indiba zamazi ziba zifite ibikoresho kugirango zifunge neza ibitonyanga.

Ikindi gitekerezwaho mumazi ya serivise yamazi nuguhitamo mubikoresho byubwubatsi. Ibyuma bishiramo kandi byangiza bikoreshwa cyane muri sisitemu y'amazi, cyane cyane imirongo ya diameter yo hanze. Imirongo mito cyane irashobora gukoreshwa neza hamwe nibikoresho bya bronze.

Imikazo ibyinshi mubikorwa byamazi abona mubisanzwe biri munsi ya 200 psi. Ibi bivuze ko igishushanyo kinini-gikikijwe nigishushanyo mbonera kidakenewe. Ibyo bimaze kuvugwa, hari aho hubakwa indiba zamazi kugirango zikemure umuvuduko mwinshi, kugeza kuri psi 300. Izi porogaramu mubisanzwe ziri kumiyoboro miremire yegereye isoko. Rimwe na rimwe, umuvuduko mwinshi wamazi nayo uboneka ahantu h’umuvuduko mwinshi mu rugomero rurerure.

Ishyirahamwe ry’amazi y’amazi muri Amerika (AWWA) ryatanze ibisobanuro bikubiyemo ubwoko butandukanye bwimyanda hamwe na moteri ikoreshwa mugukoresha amazi.

AMAZI
Impande zamazi meza ashobora kujya mubikoresho cyangwa imiterere ni amazi mabi cyangwa imyanda isohoka. Iyi mirongo ikusanya imyanda yose hamwe nibisigara hanyuma ikabiyobora muruganda rutunganya imyanda. Izi nganda zivura zirimo imiyoboro myinshi yumuvuduko muke hamwe na valve kugirango ikore "akazi kanduye." Ibisabwa ku miyoboro y’amazi mu bihe byinshi biroroshye cyane kuruta ibisabwa muri serivisi z’amazi meza. Irembo ryicyuma na cheque ya valve niyo ihitamo cyane kubwoko bwa serivisi. Indangagaciro zisanzwe muri iyi serivisi zubatswe hakurikijwe AWWA.

IMBARAGA Z'UBUBASHA
Amashanyarazi menshi akomoka muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika akorerwa mumashanyarazi akoresheje lisansi-lisansi na turbine yihuta. Gusubiza inyuma igifuniko cy'urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rugezweho byatanga uburyo bwo kubona imiyoboro ihanitse cyane. Iyi mirongo nyamukuru niyo ikomeye cyane muburyo bwo kubyara ingufu.

Irembo ryamarembo rikomeza kuba amahitamo yingenzi kumashanyarazi kuri / kuzimya porogaramu, nubwo intego yihariye, Y-ishusho yisi yose nayo iraboneka. Imikorere-yimikorere, serivise-yumupira wumupira uragenda wamamara hamwe nabashushanyaga amashanyarazi bamwe na bamwe kandi bagenda binjira muriyi si yahoze igizwe n'umurongo-valve.

Metallurgie ningirakamaro kuri valve mumashanyarazi, cyane cyane ikorera mubikorwa birenze urugero cyangwa ultra-supercritical ikora urwego rwumuvuduko nubushyuhe. F91, F92, C12A, hamwe na Inconel nyinshi hamwe nibyuma bidafite ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi yiki gihe. Ibyiciro byingutu birimo 1500, 2500 kandi rimwe na rimwe 4500. Imiterere ihindagurika yinganda zamashanyarazi (zikora gusa nkuko bikenewe) nazo zishyiraho umurego munini kumibande no kuvoma, bisaba ibishushanyo mbonera kugirango bikemure bikabije byamagare, ubushyuhe na igitutu.
Usibye ibyingenzi nyamukuru byamazi, amashanyarazi yuzuye imiyoboro yingoboka, ituwe numuryango utabarika w irembo, isi, kugenzura, ikinyugunyugu hamwe numupira wamaguru.

Amashanyarazi ya kirimbuzi akorera kumahame amwe / yihuta ya turbine. Itandukaniro ryibanze nuko muruganda rukora ingufu za kirimbuzi, umwuka uterwa nubushyuhe buturuka kumyuka. Indangantego za nucleaire zirasa na babyara babo bakomoka kuri fosile, usibye ibisekuru byabo hamwe nibisabwa byokwizerwa rwose. Indangagaciro za kirimbuzi zakozwe ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane, hamwe nujuje ibyangombwa no kugenzura byuzuza impapuro amagana.

AMavuta NA GAZI
Amariba ya peteroli na gaze nibikoresho bitanga umusaruro ni abakoresha cyane valves, harimo na valve nyinshi ziremereye. Nubwo gusheri yamavuta asuka metero amagana mukirere bitagishobora kubaho, ishusho irerekana umuvuduko ushobora guterwa na peteroli na gaze munsi. Niyo mpamvu imitwe myiza cyangwa ibiti bya Noheri bishyirwa hejuru yumurongo muremure wumuyoboro. Izi nteko, hamwe nuruvange rwa valve hamwe nibikoresho bidasanzwe, byateguwe kugirango bikemure ibibazo hejuru ya 10,000 psi. Nubwo bidakunze kuboneka ku mariba yacukuwe ku butaka muri iyi minsi, umuvuduko ukabije ukunze kuboneka ku mariba maremare.

Igishushanyo mbonera cya Wellhead gikubiyemo ibisobanuro bya API nka 6A, Ibisobanuro bya Wellhead nibikoresho bya Noheri. Imyanda itwikiriye muri 6A yagenewe umuvuduko mwinshi cyane ariko ubushyuhe buke. Ibiti byinshi bya Noheri birimo amarembo y amarembo hamwe nisi idasanzwe yisi yitwa chokes. Inzoka zikoreshwa mugutunganya imigezi iva kuriba.

Usibye amariba ubwayo, ibikoresho byinshi byunganira bituye umurima wa peteroli cyangwa gaze. Gutunganya ibikoresho kugirango ubanze uvure amavuta cyangwa gaze bisaba inomero nyinshi. Iyi valve mubisanzwe ibyuma bya karubone byapimwe mubyiciro byo hasi.

Rimwe na rimwe, amazi yangirika cyane-hydrogen sulfide-aboneka mu mugezi wa peteroli. Ibi bikoresho, nanone byitwa gaze isharira, birashobora kwica. Kugira ngo utsinde imbogamizi za gaze isharira, ibikoresho bidasanzwe cyangwa tekiniki yo gutunganya ibikoresho ukurikije NACE International ibisobanuro MR0175 bigomba gukurikizwa.

URUGANDA RWA OFFSHORE
Sisitemu yo kuvoma ibikoresho bya peteroli yo mumazi hamwe nibikoresho bitanga umusaruro birimo indangagaciro nyinshi zubatswe kubintu byinshi bitandukanye kugirango bikemure ibibazo bitandukanye byo kugenzura imigezi. Ibi bikoresho kandi birimo sisitemu zitandukanye zo kugenzura hamwe nibikoresho byo gutabara.

Kubikorwa bya peteroli, umutima wa arterial nuburyo bwa sisitemu yo kugarura amavuta cyangwa gaze. Nubwo atari buri gihe kuri platifomu ubwayo, sisitemu nyinshi zo kubyaza umusaruro zikoresha ibiti bya Noheri hamwe na sisitemu yo kuvoma ikorera mubwimbike budasanzwe bwa metero 10,000 cyangwa zirenga. Ibi bikoresho byo kubyaza umusaruro byubatswe mubisabwa byinshi muri Amerika Ikigo gishinzwe peteroli (API) kandi kivugwa mubikorwa byinshi byasabwe na API (RPs).

Ku mavuta manini manini, inzira zinyongera zikoreshwa mumazi mbisi aturuka kumariba. Muri byo harimo gutandukanya amazi na hydrocarbone no gutandukanya gaze na gaze ya gaze naturel. Ubu buryo bwo kuvoma ibiti nyuma ya Noheri bwubatswe muri societe yabanyamerika yubushakashatsi bw’imashini B31.3 hamwe na kode ya pipine hamwe na valve yakozwe hakurikijwe ibisobanuro bya API ya API nka API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 na API 609.

Zimwe murizo sisitemu zishobora kandi kuba zirimo irembo rya API 6D, umupira hamwe na valve. Kubera ko imiyoboro iyo ari yo yose kuri platifomu cyangwa ubwato bwa drill imbere imbere yikigo, ibisabwa bikomeye byo gukoresha API 6D ya valve kumiyoboro ntabwo ikoreshwa. Nubwo ubwoko bwinshi bwa valve bukoreshwa muri sisitemu yo kuvoma, ubwoko bwa valve bwo guhitamo ni umupira wumupira.

PIPELINES
Nubwo imiyoboro myinshi ihishe kutagaragara, kuboneka kwabo biragaragara. Ibyapa bito bivuga "umuyoboro wa peteroli" ni kimwe mu byerekana ko hariho imiyoboro itwara abantu mu nsi. Iyi miyoboro ifite ibikoresho byinshi byingenzi muburebure bwabyo. Imiyoboro yihutirwa yo guhagarika imiyoboro iboneka mugihe gito nkuko byagenwe nibipimo, code n'amategeko. Iyi mibande ikora umurimo wingenzi wo gutandukanya igice cyumuyoboro mugihe cyacitse cyangwa mugihe gikenewe kubungabungwa.

Ikwirakwizwa kandi munzira y'umuyoboro ni ibikoresho aho umurongo ugaragara kuva hasi kandi umurongo uraboneka. Izi sitasiyo ni inzu y’ibikoresho byo gutangiza “ingurube”, bigizwe nibikoresho byinjijwe mu miyoboro haba kugenzura cyangwa gusukura umurongo. Izi sitasiyo zitangiza ingurube mubusanzwe zirimo indangagaciro nyinshi, haba irembo cyangwa ubwoko bwumupira. Ibibaya byose kuri sisitemu y'umuyoboro bigomba kuba byuzuye-byuzuye (gufungura byuzuye) kugirango byemererwe ingurube.

Imiyoboro ikenera kandi imbaraga zo kurwanya umuvuduko wumuyoboro no gukomeza umuvuduko wumurongo. Sitasiyo ya compressor cyangwa pompe isa na verisiyo ntoya yikimera itunganijwe idafite iminara miremire yamenetse ikoreshwa. Izi sitasiyo zirimo amarembo menshi, umupira hamwe no kugenzura imiyoboro.
Imiyoboro ubwayo yateguwe ikurikije amahame na kode zitandukanye, mugihe imiyoboro yimiyoboro ikurikira API 6D Umuyoboro.
Hariho kandi imiyoboro mito igaburira amazu n'inzu z'ubucuruzi. Iyi mirongo itanga amazi na gaze kandi irinzwe na valve zifunga.
Amakomine manini, cyane cyane mu majyaruguru y’Amerika, atanga amavuta yo gushyushya abakiriya b’ubucuruzi. Iyi mirongo itanga ibyuka ifite ibikoresho bitandukanye byo kugenzura no kugenzura itangwa ryamazi. Nubwo amazi ari amavuta, umuvuduko nubushyuhe biri munsi yibyo biboneka mumashanyarazi. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa valve bukoreshwa muri iyi serivisi, nubwo icyuma cyubahwa cyacomwe kiracyari amahitamo akunzwe.

GUSOBANURIRA NA PETROCHEMICAL
Inganda zitunganya ibicuruzwa zibarirwa mu nganda zikoreshwa cyane kuruta ikindi gice cyose. Uruganda rutunganya amazi yangirika kandi rimwe na rimwe, ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Izi ngingo zitegeka uburyo ububiko bwubatswe hakurikijwe ibishushanyo mbonera bya API nka API 600 (amarembo y amarembo), API 608 (imipira yumupira) na API 594 (kugenzura neza). Kubera serivisi ikaze yahuye na byinshi muriyi mibande, amafaranga yinyongera arashobora gukenerwa. Iyi nkunga igaragarira mubunini bwurukuta rugaragara mubyangombwa bya API.

Mubyukuri buri bwoko bwingenzi bwa valve burashobora kuboneka kubwinshi muruganda rusanzwe. Irembo rya rugi ahantu hose riracyari umwami wumusozi utuwe nabaturage benshi, ariko igihembwe cya kane kiragenda gifata igice kinini cyumugabane wabo ku isoko. Ibicuruzwa byigihembwe byinjiza neza muruganda (narwo rwahoze rwiganjemo ibicuruzwa bigizwe numurongo) birimo gukora cyane triple offset ibinyugunyugu hamwe nicyuma cyicaye kumupira.

Irembo risanzwe, isi yose hamwe na cheque ya valve iracyaboneka henshi, kandi kubera umutima wibishushanyo mbonera hamwe nubukungu bwinganda, ntibizashira vuba.
Ibipimo byumuvuduko kubitunganyirizwa mu ruganda bikoresha gamut kuva mucyiciro cya 150 kugeza mucyiciro cya 1500, hamwe nicyiciro cya 300 kizwi cyane.
Ibyuma bya karubone byo mu kibaya, nk'icyiciro cya WCB (cast) na A-105 (impimbano) ni ibikoresho bizwi cyane byerekanwe kandi bikoreshwa mu mibande ya serivisi yo gutunganya. Porogaramu nyinshi zo gutunganya zisunika ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hejuru yicyuma cya karubone, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwerekanwe kubisabwa. Ibyamamare cyane muribi ni chrome / moly ibyuma nka 1-1 / 4% Cr, 2-1 / 4% Cr, 5% Cr na 9% Cr. Ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe na nikel ndende cyane nabyo bikoreshwa muburyo bunoze bwo gutunganya.

CHIMICAL
Inganda zikora imiti ninshi zikoresha valve yubwoko bwose nibikoresho. Kuva ku bimera bito kugeza kuri peteroli nini nini iboneka ku nkombe z'Ikigobe, indangagaciro ni igice kinini cya sisitemu yo gutunganya imiti.

Porogaramu nyinshi mubikorwa bya chimique biri munsi yigitutu kuruta uburyo bwinshi bwo gutunganya no kubyara ingufu. Ibyiciro byumuvuduko ukunzwe cyane kumashanyarazi yimiti no kuvoma ni Icyiciro cya 150 na 300. Ibimera byimiti nabyo byabaye moteri ikomeye yo kugabana isoko ku isoko imipira y’imipira yarwanye kuva mumirongo yumurongo mumyaka 40 ishize. Umupira wicaye wicaye cyane, hamwe na zeru-zeru zifunga, ni byiza rwose kubikorwa byinshi byimiti ikoreshwa. Ingano yoroheje yumupira wumupira ni ikintu gikunzwe kimwe.
Haracyariho ibihingwa bimwe na bimwe byimiti nibikorwa byibihingwa aho bikunda umurongo wa valve. Muri ibi bihe, ibyamamare bizwi cyane API 603 byashushanyijeho, bifite inkuta zoroheje hamwe nuburemere bworoshye, mubisanzwe ni irembo cyangwa umubumbe wisi wahisemo. Igenzura ryimiti imwe nimwe irarangizwa neza na diaphragm cyangwa pinch valve.
Kubera imiterere yangirika yimiti myinshi nuburyo bwo gukora imiti, guhitamo ibikoresho nibyingenzi. Ibikoresho bya defacto nicyiciro cya 316 / 316L cyicyuma cya austenitis. Ibi bikoresho bikora neza mukurwanya ruswa biva mumazi menshi rimwe na rimwe.

Kubintu bimwe bikarishye byangiza, birakenewe cyane kurinda. Ibindi byiciro byo hejuru byibyuma bya austenitike bidafite ibyuma, nka 317, 347 na 321 bikunze guhitamo muribi bihe. Ibindi bivangwa bikoreshwa mugihe cyo kugenzura amazi yimiti harimo Monel, Alloy 20, Inconel na 17-4 PH.

LNG NA GAZI
Gazi isanzwe yamazi (LNG) hamwe nuburyo bukenewe mugutandukanya gaze bishingiye kumiyoboro minini. Izi porogaramu zisaba indangagaciro zishobora gukora ku bushyuhe buke bwa kirogenike. Inganda za LNG zikura vuba muri Amerika, zikomeje gushakisha kuzamura no kunoza inzira yo kuvoma gaze. Kugirango bigerweho, imiyoboro hamwe na valve byabaye binini cyane kandi ibisabwa byotswa igitutu.

Iki kibazo cyasabye abakora valve gukora igishushanyo mbonera kugirango bahuze ibipimo bikaze. Igihembwe gihinduranya umupira hamwe na kinyugunyugu ikunzwe cyane muri serivisi ya LNG, hamwe na 316ss [ibyuma bitagira umuyonga] ibikoresho bizwi cyane. ANSI Icyiciro cya 600 nigisanzwe cyumuvuduko wa progaramu ya LNG nyinshi. Nubwo ibicuruzwa byigihembwe aribwo bwoko bwa valve buzwi cyane, irembo, isi yose hamwe na cheque ya valve irashobora kuboneka no mubihingwa.

Serivise yo gutandukanya gazi ikubiyemo kugabanya gaze mubintu byingenzi byibanze. Kurugero, uburyo bwo gutandukanya ikirere butanga azote, ogisijeni, helium nizindi myuka ya gaze. Imiterere yubushyuhe buke cyane mubikorwa bivuze ko hakenewe indangagaciro nyinshi za kirogenike.

Ibimera byombi bitandukanya LNG na gazi bifite ubushyuhe buke bugomba kuguma bukora muri ibi bihe bya kirogenike. Ibi bivuze ko sisitemu yo gupakira valve igomba kuzamurwa kure yubushyuhe buke bwogukoresha gaze cyangwa inkingi. Iyi nkingi ya gaze irinda amazi gukora umupira wibarafu uzengurutse aho bapakira, byabuza igiti cya valve guhinduka cyangwa kuzamuka.

INYUBAKO Z'UBUCURUZI
Inyubako zubucuruzi ziradukikije ariko keretse nitwitondera cyane uko zubatswe, dufite ibimenyetso bike byerekeranye nubwinshi bwimiyoboro y'amazi yihishe murukuta rwabo rwububiko, ibirahuri nicyuma.

Ikintu rusange muri buri nyubako ni amazi. Izi nyubako zose zirimo sisitemu zitandukanye zo kuvoma zitwara ibintu byinshi bivangwa na hydrogène / ogisijeni muburyo bwamazi meza, amazi mabi, amazi ashyushye, amazi yumukara no kurinda umuriro.

Uhereye ku nyubako yo kubaho, sisitemu yumuriro irakomeye cyane. Kurinda umuriro mu nyubako hafi ya byose bigaburirwa kandi byuzuyemo amazi meza. Kugirango sisitemu y'amazi yumuriro ikore neza, igomba kuba yizewe, ifite umuvuduko uhagije kandi ikaba iherereye muburyo bwose. Izi sisitemu zagenewe guhita zitanga ingufu mugihe cyumuriro.
Inyubako ndende zisaba serivisi yumuvuduko wamazi kumagorofa yo hejuru nkuko hasi hasi kuburyo pompe yumuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nu miyoboro bigomba gukoreshwa kugirango amazi azamuke. Sisitemu yo kuvoma mubisanzwe ni Urwego 300 cyangwa 600, bitewe n'uburebure bw'inyubako. Ubwoko bwose bwa valve bukoreshwa muribi bikorwa; icyakora, igishushanyo cya valve kigomba kwemezwa na Laboratoire ya Underwriters cyangwa Uruganda rukora umurimo wingenzi wumuriro.

Ibyiciro bimwe nubwoko bwimyanya ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya serivisi ikoreshwa mugukwirakwiza amazi meza, nubwo inzira yo kubyemeza idakomeye.
Sisitemu yubuhumekero yubucuruzi iboneka mubucuruzi bunini nk'inyubako y'ibiro, amahoteri n'ibitaro ubusanzwe bishyizwe hamwe. Bafite amashanyarazi manini cyangwa amashyuza kugirango akonje cyangwa ashyushye akoreshwa mu kwimura ubukonje cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi. Sisitemu akenshi igomba gukoresha firigo nka R-134a, hydro-fluorocarbon, cyangwa mugihe cya sisitemu nini yo gushyushya, parike. Kubera ubunini buke bwibinyugunyugu na ball ball, ubu bwoko bwamenyekanye muri sisitemu ya chiller ya HVAC.

Kuruhande rwamazi, ibice bimwe bya kane byahinduye inzira zikoreshwa, nyamara abajenjeri benshi bakora amazi baracyashingira kumarembo yumurongo hamwe numubumbe wisi, cyane cyane iyo imiyoboro isaba impera-gusudira. Kuri ubu buryo buciriritse bukoreshwa, ibyuma byafashe umwanya wibyuma kubera gusudira ibyuma.

Sisitemu zimwe zo gushyushya zikoresha amazi ashyushye aho gukoresha amavuta nkamazi yohereza. Izi sisitemu zitangwa neza na bronze cyangwa icyuma. Igihembwe-gihindagurika cyumupira wicaye hamwe na valve yikinyugunyugu irazwi cyane, nubwo ibishushanyo mbonera bimwe bikoreshwa.

UMWANZURO
Nubwo ibimenyetso byerekana porogaramu zavuzwe muri iyi ngingo bishobora kutagaragara mugihe cyurugendo rwa Starbucks cyangwa kwa nyirakuru, bimwe mubyingenzi byingenzi bihora hafi. Hariho na valve muri moteri yimodoka yakoreshwaga kugirango igere aho hantu nko muri carburetor igenzura imigendekere ya lisansi muri moteri ndetse nabari muri moteri igenzura umuvuduko wa lisansi muri piston hanyuma ikongera ikasohoka. Niba kandi iyo mibande idahagije mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, tekereza ukuri ko imitima yacu itera buri gihe binyuze mubikoresho bine byingenzi bigenzura.

Uru nurundi rugero gusa rwukuri ko: indangagaciro ziri hose. VM
Igice cya II cyiyi ngingo gikubiyemo inganda zinyongera aho zikoreshwa na valve. Jya kuri www.valvemagazine.com usome ibijyanye na pulp & impapuro, ibisabwa mu nyanja, ingomero n’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi, izuba, ibyuma n’ibyuma, icyogajuru, geothermal, hamwe n’ubukorikori bukora kandi burangaza.

GREG JOHNSON ni perezida wa United Valve (www.unitedvalve.com) i Houston. Ni umwanditsi utanga umusanzu mu kinyamakuru VALVE, wahoze ayobora akanama gashinzwe gusana Valve akaba n'umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi ya VRC. Akora kandi muri komite ishinzwe uburezi n’amahugurwa ya VMA, ni umuyobozi wungirije wa komite ishinzwe itumanaho rya VMA kandi yahoze ari perezida w’umuryango w’ibikorwa by’inganda.