Aho Valves zikoreshwa: Ahantu hose!

08 Ugushyingo 2017 Byanditswe na Greg Johnson

Amavaluvu aboneka ahantu hose muri iki gihe: mu ngo zacu, munsi y'umuhanda, mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi no mu bihumbi by'ahantu hakoreshwa ingufu n'amazi, inganda zikora impapuro, inganda zitunganya imyanda, inganda zikora imiti n'izindi nganda n'ibikorwa remezo.
Inganda zikora amavali mu buryo bwagutse, aho ibice bitandukanye kuva ku gukwirakwiza amazi kugeza ku ngufu za kirimbuzi kugeza kuri peteroli na gaze byo mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo. Buri nganda zikoresha amavali zikoresha ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'ibanze; icyakora, utuntu duto tw'ubwubatsi n'ibikoresho akenshi biratandukanye cyane. Dore ingero:

IBIKORWA BY'AMAZI
Mu isi yo gukwirakwiza amazi, igitutu kiba kiri hasi cyane kandi ubushyuhe buri ku rwego rwo hejuru. Ibyo bintu bibiri bikoreshwa byemerera ibintu byinshi byo gushushanya valve bitaboneka ku bikoresho bigoye cyane nka valves z'umwuka zishyuha cyane. Ubushyuhe bw'amazi butuma ikoreshwa rya elastomers na rubber seal bidakwiye ahandi. Ibi bikoresho byoroshye byemerera valves z'amazi gushyirwaho kugira ngo zifunge neza amazi anyuramo.

Ikindi kintu cyo kwitaho mu mavali yo gukoresha amazi ni uguhitamo ibikoresho byo kubaka. Ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma n'ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane mu buryo bw'amazi, cyane cyane imirongo minini y'ubugari bwo hanze. Imirongo mito cyane ishobora gufatwa neza n'ibikoresho by'umuringa.

Ubushyuhe bwinshi bw’amazi buboneka muri vali nyinshi z’amazi akenshi buba buri munsi ya psi 200. Ibi bivuze ko imiterere y’inkuta nini kandi zifite umuvuduko mwinshi idakenewe. Ibyo byavuzwe, hari aho vali z’amazi zubatswe kugira ngo zihuze umuvuduko mwinshi, kugeza kuri psi 300. Ubusanzwe izi vali ziba ku miyoboro miremire y’amazi yegereye aho umuvuduko uturuka. Hari igihe vali z’amazi zifite umuvuduko mwinshi ziboneka ahantu hafite umuvuduko mwinshi mu rugomero rurerure.

Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika rishinzwe ibikorwa by’amazi (AWWA) ryasohoye ibisobanuro bikubiyemo ubwoko butandukanye bw’amavali n’ibikoresho bikoresha mu bikorwa by’amazi.

AMAZI YAMBUWE
Uruhande rw'amazi meza yo kunywa ajya mu kigo cyangwa mu nyubako ni amazi mabi cyangwa imiyoboro y'amazi mabi. Iyi miyoboro ikusanya imyanda yose n'ibintu bikomeye ikabishyira mu ruganda rutunganya imyanda. Izi nganda zitunganya imyanda zifite imiyoboro myinshi ifite umuvuduko muto n'udufunga kugira ngo zikore "akazi kazo kabi." Ibisabwa kuri vali z'amazi mabi mu bihe byinshi ni byoroshye cyane kuruta ibisabwa kugira ngo amazi meza akoreshwe. Vali z'icyuma n'udufunga ni byo bikunzwe cyane kuri ubu bwoko bwa serivisi. Vali zisanzwe muri iyi serivisi zubatswe hakurikijwe ibipimo bya AWWA.

INGANDA Z'AMASHANYARAZI
Ingufu nyinshi z'amashanyarazi zikorerwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zikorerwa mu nganda zikoresha umwuka ushyushye zikoresha ibikomoka kuri peteroli n'imashini zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi. Gukuraho igifuniko cy'inganda zigezweho byatanga ishusho y'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite umuvuduko mwinshi kandi ikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi. Iyi miyoboro y'ingenzi ni yo y'ingenzi cyane mu ikorwa ry'ingufu zikoresha umwuka ushyushye.

Amavali yo mu rugi aracyari amahitamo akomeye yo gukoresha mu kuzimya/kuzimya uruganda rw'amashanyarazi, nubwo hari n'ibikoresho byihariye, amavali yo mu isanzure ya Y-pattern. Amavali yo mu ruganda rw'amashanyarazi akora neza cyane kandi afite akamaro kanini arimo gukundwa na bamwe mu bashushanya uruganda rw'amashanyarazi kandi arimo kwinjira muri iyi si yahoze yiganjemo amavali yo mu murongo.

Ubuhanga mu by'ibyuma ni ingenzi cyane ku mavali mu mikoreshereze y'amashanyarazi, cyane cyane ayo akora mu rwego rw'umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe bikabije cyangwa bikabije. F91, F92, C12A, hamwe n'ibindi bikoresho byinshi bya Inconel n'ibyuma bitagira umugese bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda z'amashanyarazi zo muri iki gihe. Ibyiciro by'umuvuduko birimo 1500, 2500 na rimwe 4500. Imiterere y'inganda z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ingufu nyinshi (izo zikora gusa igihe bikenewe) inashyira umuvuduko mwinshi ku mavali n'imiyoboro, bisaba imiterere ikomeye kugira ngo ihangane n'uruvange rukabije rw'ingufu, ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko.
Uretse uburyo bwo gufunga amashanyarazi bw’ingenzi, inganda z’amashanyarazi zifite imiyoboro y’inyongera, irimo utundi duce twinshi tw’amarembo, isi, icyuma gikingira, ikinyugunyugu n’utubati tw’umupira.

Inganda zikora ingufu za kirimbuzi zikora ku ihame rimwe ry’umwuka ushyushye/turbine yihuta cyane. Itandukaniro ry’ibanze ni uko mu ruganda rukora ingufu za kirimbuzi, umwuka ukorwa n’ubushyuhe buturuka ku gucikamo ibice. Amavali y’inganda zikora ingufu za kirimbuzi asa n’ay’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, uretse ko ari ubwoko bwazo n’ibindi bisabwa kugira ngo zigire icyizere cyuzuye. Amavali y’inganda zikora ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane, hamwe n’inyandiko zujuje ibisabwa n’izigenzura zuzuza amapaji amagana.

UMUCURUZI WA PETERO NA GAZI
Amasoko ya peteroli na gazi n'inganda zikora ibikomoka kuri peteroli n'ibikomoka kuri gaze bikoresha cyane amakorosi, harimo na za velori nyinshi zikomeye. Nubwo amakorosi ya peteroli asuka metero amagana mu kirere atakibaho, ishusho igaragaza igitutu gishobora guterwa na peteroli na gaze munsi y'ubutaka. Niyo mpamvu imitwe y'amakorosi cyangwa ibiti bya Noheli bishyirwa hejuru y'umuyoboro muremure w'amazi. Izi nteko, hamwe n'amakorosi n'ibikoresho byihariye, byagenewe guhangana n'igitutu kirenga psi 10.000. Nubwo bidakunze kuboneka ku mariba yacukuwe ku butaka muri iki gihe, igitutu kinini cyane gikunze kuboneka ku mariba yo mu nyanja.

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho bya Wellhead gishingiye ku bipimo bya API nka 6A, Ibipimo bya Wellhead n'ibikoresho bya Christmas Tree. Utwuma dutwikiriwe muri 6A twagenewe umuvuduko mwinshi cyane ariko ubushyuhe buke. Ibiti byinshi bya Noheli birimo utwuma tw'irembo n'utwuma twihariye tw'isi twitwa chokes. Utwuma dukoreshwa mu kugenzura amazi ava mu mwobo.

Uretse imiyoboro y'amazi ubwayo, inyubako nyinshi ziyongeraho zirimo akarima ka peteroli cyangwa gaze. Ibikoresho byo gutunganya peteroli cyangwa gaze mbere bisaba uturindantoki twinshi. Utu turindantoki akenshi tuba dufite icyuma cya karuboni gikoreshwa mu byiciro byo hasi.

Rimwe na rimwe, mu muyoboro wa peteroli haba hari amazi yangiza cyane—hydrogen sulfide. Iki gikoresho, cyitwa kandi gaze y'umunyu, gishobora kwica. Kugira ngo hatsindwe ibibazo bya gaze y'umunyu, hagomba gukurikizwa ibikoresho byihariye cyangwa uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho hakurikijwe amabwiriza mpuzamahanga ya NACE MR0175.

INGANDA Z'IBIHUGU BYO MU MAHANGA
Sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro y’amazi n’inganda zikora peteroli mu mazi zirimo uturindantoki twinshi twubatswe ku buryo butandukanye kugira ngo dukemure ibibazo bitandukanye byo kugenzura amazi. Izi nganda zirimo kandi imiyoboro itandukanye y’amazi n’ibikoresho byo kugabanya umuvuduko w’amazi.

Ku nganda zikora peteroli, umutima w’imitsi ni wo muyoboro nyawo wo kugarura peteroli cyangwa gaze. Nubwo atari buri gihe uba ku rubuga ubwarwo, uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora bukoresha ibiti bya Noheli n’imiyoboro ikora mu bujyakuzimu butameze neza bwa metero 3.000 cyangwa zirenga. Ibi bikoresho byo gukora byubatswe ku bipimo byinshi byemewe n’Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe Peteroli (API) kandi bigaragazwa mu buryo butandukanye bwa API Recommended Practices (RPs).

Ku mbuga nyinshi nini za peteroli, hari izindi nzira zikoreshwa ku mazi mabi ava mu mwobo. Izi zirimo gutandukanya amazi n'amazi ya hydrocarbon no gutandukanya amazi ya gaze na gaze karemano n'amazi y'umugezi. Izi sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza amazi nyuma ya Noheli muri rusange zubatswe hakurikijwe amategeko y'imiyoboro ya American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 hamwe n'udupira twakozwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya API valve nka API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 na API 609.

Zimwe muri izi sisitemu zishobora kandi kuba zirimo API 6D gate, ball na check valves. Kubera ko imiyoboro iyo ari yo yose iri kuri platform cyangwa drill shipped iri imbere muri icyo kigo, ibisabwa bikomeye byo gukoresha API 6D valves ku miyoboro ntibikurikizwa. Nubwo ubwoko bwinshi bwa valves bukoreshwa muri izi sisitemu zo gufunga, ubwoko bwa valves bukoreshwa ni valve ya ball.

IMIYOBORO
Nubwo imiyoboro myinshi ihishe, ubusanzwe iragaragara. Ibyapa bito bivuga "umuyoboro wa lisansi" ni kimwe mu bimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ko hari imiyoboro yo gutwara abantu munsi y'ubutaka. Iyi miyoboro ifite vali nyinshi z'ingenzi mu burebure bwayo. Vali zo gufunga imiyoboro zidasanzwe ziboneka mu bihe bitandukanye nk'uko bigenwa n'amahame, amategeko n'amategeko. Izi vali zikora akazi k'ingenzi ko gutandukanya igice cy'umuyoboro mu gihe habaye amazi cyangwa iyo bikenewe ko ibungabungwa.

Nanone mu nzira y'imiyoboro hari ibikoresho aho umurongo uva hasi kandi inzira igana ku murongo irahari. Izi sitasiyo niho ibikoresho byo gutangiza "ingurube", bigizwe n'ibikoresho byinjizwa mu miyoboro kugira ngo bigenzure cyangwa bisukure umurongo. Izi sitasiyo zo gutangiza ingurube akenshi ziba zifite valve nyinshi, zaba iz'irembo cyangwa iz'umupira. Valve zose ziri kuri sisitemu y'imiyoboro zigomba kuba zuzuye (zifunguye neza) kugira ngo ingurube zishobore kunyura.

Imiyoboro y'amazi nayo ikenera ingufu kugira ngo irwanye ubukana bw'imiyoboro no kubungabunga umuvuduko n'inzira by'umuyoboro. Hakoreshwa utumashini twa compressor cyangwa utumashini duto two kuvoma gisa n'uruganda rukora ibintu rudafite iminara miremire yo gusakara. Izi sitasiyo zirimo utumashini twinshi tw'imiyoboro y'amazi, umupira n'imashini zo kugenzura.
Imiyoboro ubwayo yakozwe hakurikijwe amahame n'amategeko atandukanye, mu gihe imiyoboro ikurikiza imiyoboro ya API 6D Pipeline Valves.
Hariho kandi imiyoboro mito ijya mu mazu no mu nyubako z'ubucuruzi. Iyi miyoboro itanga amazi na gaze kandi irinzwe na valve zifunga.
Imiturire minini, cyane cyane mu majyaruguru ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, itanga umwuka wo gushyushya abakiriya b'ubucuruzi. Iyi miyoboro y'umwuka ifite ubwoko butandukanye bw'udupfundikizo kugira ngo igenzure kandi igenzure umwuka wo gushyushya. Nubwo amazi ari umwuka, ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe biri hasi ugereranyije n'ibiboneka mu ivubura ry'umwuka mu ruganda rw'amashanyarazi. Muri iyi serivisi hakoreshwa ubwoko butandukanye bw'udupfundikizo, nubwo agapfundikizo k'icyuma gakomeye kakiri amahitamo akunzwe cyane.

UBUCURUZI BUTORORA N'UBUTUNGANYIRIZE BWA PETROLI
Amavali yo mu nganda akoreshwa cyane kurusha andi mavali. Amavali yo mu nganda akoreshwa cyane haba mu nganda, ndetse rimwe na rimwe n’ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Izi ngingo zigena uburyo valve zubakwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’imiterere ya API valve nka API 600 (gate valves), API 608 (ball valves) na API 594 (check valves). Kubera serivisi igoye ihura nayo nyinshi muri izi valves, akenshi hakenerwa corruption allowance y’inyongera. Iyi allowance igaragarira mu bugari bw’inkuta bugaragara mu nyandiko za API design.

Hafi buri bwoko bwose bw'amavali akomeye bushobora kuboneka mu bwinshi mu ruganda rusanzwe runini rwo gutunganya. Amavali yo ku irembo azwi cyane aracyari umwami w'umusozi ufite umubare munini w'abaturage, ariko amavali yo kuzenguruka inshuro enye arimo gufata igice kinini cy'isoko ryawo. Ibicuruzwa byo kuzenguruka inshuro enye bikomeje gutera imbere muri uru rwego (rwari rwiganjemo ibicuruzwa bigororotse) birimo amavali yo kuzenguruka inshuro eshatu n'amavali yo kuzenguruka ibyuma.

Irembo risanzwe, umubumbe n'ibyuma byo kugenzura biracyaboneka mu buryo bwa rusange, kandi kubera ubuhanga bwabyo mu miterere n'ubukungu bw'inganda, ntibizashira vuba aha.
Igipimo cy’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi ku mashini zitunganya imashini gitangira kuva ku cyiciro cya 150 kugeza ku cyiciro cya 1500, aho urwego rwa 300 arirwo rukunzwe cyane.
Ibyuma bya karuboni bisanzwe, nka WCB yo mu rwego rwo hejuru (cast) na A-105 (forged) ni byo bikoresho bikunzwe cyane kandi bikoreshwa mu mavali yo gutunganya ibikoresho. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gutunganya ibikoresho butuma ubushyuhe bw'ibyuma bya karuboni bisanzwe bugabanuka, kandi uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho buhanitse bukoreshwa muri ibyo bikoresho. Ibikunzwe cyane muri ibi ni ibyuma bya chrome/moly nka 1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr na 9% Cr. Ibyuma bitangiza amashanyarazi n'ibindi bikoresho bifite nikeli nyinshi nabyo bikoreshwa mu buryo bugoye cyane bwo gutunganya ibikoresho.

UBUTAME
Inganda zikora imiti zikoresha cyane ubwoko bwose bw'ibikoresho n'imashini. Kuva ku nganda nto kugeza ku nganda nini zikora imiti ikomoka kuri peteroli ziboneka ku nkombe y'inyanja ya Gulf, imashini zikora imiti ni igice kinini cy'imiyoboro y'imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa shimi.

Inyinshi mu bikorwa bya shimi zikoreshwa mu buryo bw'imiti ziba zifite umuvuduko muto ugereranyije n'izindi nzira nyinshi zo gutunganya no gutanga amashanyarazi. Ibyiciro by'umuvuduko bizwi cyane ku mavali y'ibinyabutabire n'imiyoboro ni Ibyiciro bya 150 na 300. Inganda za shimi nazo ni zo zagize uruhare runini mu gufata imigabane ku isoko amavali y'imipira yahanganye na mavali y'imirongo mu myaka 40 ishize. Vali y'imipira ikomeye, ifite uruziga rudasohoka, ikwiranye neza n'ikoreshwa ry'inganda nyinshi za shimi. Ingano nto y'ivali y'imipira nayo ni ikintu gikunzwe cyane.
Haracyari ibimera bimwe na bimwe bya shimi n'imikorere y'ibimera aho ibyuma bikoreshwa mu gupima umurongo umwe (linear valves). Muri ibi bihe, ibyuma bizwi cyane byakozwe na API 603, bifite inkuta nto n'ibiremereye byoroshye, akenshi ni byo ibyuma bikoreshwa cyane. Kugenzura bimwe na bimwe bya shimi bikorwa neza hakoreshejwe ibyuma bipima cyangwa bipima.
Kubera ko imiti myinshi n'imikorere yayo ikora imiti ihumanya ikirere, guhitamo ibikoresho ni ingenzi cyane. Ibikoresho byangiritse ni icyuma cya austenitic stainless steel cya 316/316L. Iki gikoresho gikora neza mu kurwanya ingese ituruka ku bintu byinshi bihumanya ikirere rimwe na rimwe.

Ku bintu bimwe na bimwe bikomeye byo kwangiza, hakenewe uburinzi bwinshi. Izindi ibyuma bitagira umugese bya austenitic, nka 317, 347 na 321, akenshi bitoranywa muri ibi bihe. Izindi alloys zikoreshwa rimwe na rimwe mu kugenzura amazi y’ibinyabutabire harimo Monel, Alloy 20, Inconel na 17-4 PH.

GUTANDUKANYA LNG NA GAZI
Gazi karemano y'amazi (LNG) ndetse n'ibikorwa bikenewe mu gutandukanya gaze bishingiye ku miyoboro minini. Iyi miyoboro isaba valve zishobora gukora ku bushyuhe buke cyane. Inganda za LNG, zirimo gukura cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, zikomeje gushaka kunoza no kunoza inzira yo gushonga gaze. Muri urwo rwego, imiyoboro n'ibyuma byarushijeho kuba binini kandi ibisabwa ku muvuduko byariyongereye.

Ibi byabaye ngombwa ko abakora valves bakora imiterere ijyanye n'ibipimo bikomeye. Valve z'umupira w'ibice bine n'iz'ibinyugunyugu zikunzwe cyane muri serivisi ya LNG, aho 316ss [icyuma kidafunze] ari byo bikunzwe cyane. ANSI Class 600 ni yo mwambaro usanzwe ukoreshwa mu gukoresha LNG nyinshi. Nubwo ibicuruzwa bya quarter-turn ari byo bikunzwe cyane, gate, globe na check valves nazo ziraboneka mu nganda.

Serivisi yo gutandukanya gazi ikubiyemo kugabanya gazi mu bice byayo by'ibanze. Urugero, uburyo bwo gutandukanya ikirere butanga azote, ogisijeni, heliyumu n'indi myuka. Kuba ubushyuhe buke cyane bw'iyi gahunda bivuze ko hakenewe uturindantoki twinshi.

Inganda zombi za LNG na gaze zo gutandukanya zifite valves zifite ubushyuhe buke zigomba gukomeza gukora muri ibi bihe by’ubushyuhe. Ibi bivuze ko sisitemu yo gupakira valves igomba kuzamurwa kure y’amazi afite ubushyuhe buke hakoreshejwe gaze cyangwa inkingi ifunze. Iyi nkingi ya gaze ibuza amazi gukora umupira w’urubura ukikije aho apakiye, ibyo bikaba byabuza uruti rwa valve kuzunguruka cyangwa kuzamuka.

INYUBAKO Z'UBUCURUZI
Inyubako z'ubucuruzi ziradukikije ariko keretse twitayeho cyane uko zubakwa, nta kintu kinini tuzi ku miyoboro myinshi y'amazi ihishe mu nkuta zayo z'amabuye y'agaciro, ibirahure n'ibyuma.

Ikintu gihuriweho hafi ya buri nyubako ni amazi. Izi nyubako zose zirimo uburyo butandukanye bwo gukwirakwiza imiyoboro ijyana imvange myinshi ya hydrogen/oxygen mu buryo bw'amazi yo kunywa, amazi yanduye, amazi ashyushye, amazi y'umukara n'uburinzi bw'inkongi.

Mu bijyanye no kurokoka kw'inyubako, uburyo bwo kuzimya inkongi ni ingenzi cyane. Uburinzi bw'inkongi mu nyubako hafi ya zose butangwa kandi bugashyirwamo amazi meza. Kugira ngo uburyo bwo kuzimya inkongi bugire akamaro, bugomba kuba bwizewe, bufite umuvuduko uhagije kandi bugashyirwa ahantu hose mu nyubako. Ubu buryo bwagenewe gutanga ingufu mu buryo bwikora mu gihe habaye inkongi.
Inyubako ndende zikenera serivisi imwe y'umuvuduko w'amazi ku igorofa ryo hejuru n'igorofa ryo hasi, bityo hagomba gukoreshwa pompe zifite umuvuduko mwinshi n'imiyoboro kugira ngo amazi azamuke. Imiyoboro isanzwe iba mu cyiciro cya 300 cyangwa 600, bitewe n'uburebure bw'inyubako. Ubwoko bwose bw'udupfundikizo bukoreshwa muri ubu buryo; icyakora, imiterere y'udupfundikizo igomba kwemezwa na Underwriters Laboratories cyangwa Factory Mutual kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu gutanga serivisi y'inkongi y'umuriro.

Ubwoko bumwe n'ubwoko bumwe bw'udupfundikizo dukoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amazi meza, nubwo inzira yo kubyemeza idakomeye cyane.
Sisitemu z'ubukonjesha bw'ubucuruzi ziboneka mu nyubako nini z'ubucuruzi nko mu nyubako z'ibiro, amahoteli n'ibitaro akenshi ziba ziri ahantu hamwe. Zifite icyuma kinini gikonjesha cyangwa icyuma gishyushya amazi gikoreshwa mu kwimura ubukonje cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi. Izi sisitemu akenshi zigomba gufata ibyuma bikonjesha nka R-134a, hydro-fluorocarbon, cyangwa mu gihe cy'ibikoresho bikomeye bishyushya, umwuka ushyushye. Kubera ingano nto ya valves z'ibinyugunyugu n'umupira, ubu bwoko bwamamaye muri sisitemu z'ubukonjesha za HVAC.

Ku ruhande rw'umwuka ushyushye, hari imashini zihindura ikirere zagiye zikoreshwa, nyamara inzobere nyinshi mu by'amazi ziracyakoresha imashini zikoresha umurongo ugororotse n'imashini zihindura ikirere, cyane cyane iyo imiyoboro isaba ko imashini zihindura ikirere. Kuri ubu buryo bwo gukoresha umwuka ushyushye mu buryo buciriritse, icyuma cyasimbuye icyuma gishongeshejwe kubera ubushobozi bwo gusudira icyuma.

Hari uburyo bwo gushyushya bukoresha amazi ashyushye aho gukoresha umwuka nk'amazi yo kohereza amazi. Ubu buryo bukoreshwa neza n'udupfunyika tw'umuringa cyangwa icyuma. Udupfunyika tw'umupira n'udupfunyika tw'ibinyugunyugu dukikijwe n'imashini zifata imipira n'udupfunyika turakunzwe cyane, nubwo hari imiterere imwe n'imwe iracyakoreshwa.

UMWANZURO
Nubwo ibimenyetso by'ikoreshwa rya valve bivugwa muri iyi nkuru bishobora kutagaragara mu rugendo rwo kujya i Starbucks cyangwa kwa nyogokuru, valve zimwe na zimwe z'ingenzi cyane ziba ziri hafi aho. Hari na valve muri moteri y'imodoka zikoreshwa kugira ngo zigere ahantu nk'aho muri carburetor igenzura urujya n'uruza rw'amavuta muri moteri n'izo muri moteri zigenzura urujya n'uruza rwa lisansi muri pistons hanyuma zigasohoka. Kandi niba izo valve zitari hafi bihagije mu buzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, tekereza ukuri ko imitima yacu itera buri gihe binyuze mu bikoresho bine by'ingenzi bigenzura urujya n'uruza rw'amazi.

Uru ni urundi rugero rw'ukuri ko: valves ziri ahantu hose. VM
Igice cya II cy'iyi nkuru kivuga ku nganda zindi zikoreshwamo amavali. Jya kuri www.valvemagazine.com kugira ngo usome ibijyanye n'impapuro n'amabati, ikoreshwa ry'amazi mu mazi, ingomero n'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mazi, imirasire y'izuba, ibyuma n'ibyuma, ikirere, ubushyuhe bw'isi, no gukora inzoga n'ubukorikori.

GREG JOHNSON ni perezida wa United Valve (www.unitedvalve.com) i Houston. Ni umwanditsi mukuru w’ikinyamakuru VALVE, akaba yarahoze ari perezida w’inama ishinzwe gusana Valve akaba n’umwe mu bagize inama y’ubutegetsi ya VRC ubu. Anakorera muri komite ishinzwe uburezi n’amahugurwa ya VMA, akaba visi perezida wa komite ishinzwe itumanaho ya VMA, akaba kandi yarahoze ari perezida w’ishyirahamwe rishinzwe kugenzura imikorere y’abakora.